What is the basis of a vector space?
Sebastian Wright 
Definition 1: The vectors $v_1, v_2, . . . , v_n$ are said to span $V$ if every element $w \in V$ can be expressed as a linear combination of the $v_i$.
Let $v_1, v_2, . . . , v_n$ and $w$ be vectors in some space $V$. We say that $w$ is a linear combination of $v_1, v_2, . . . , v_n\;$ if $\;w = \lambda_1v_1 +\lambda_2v_ 2+ · · · +\lambda_nv_n$ $\;$for some scalars $\lambda_1,\lambda_2, . . . ,\lambda_n$.
Definition 2: We say that vectors $v_1, v_2, . . . , v_r$ are linearly independent if the only solution of $\lambda_1v_1 +\lambda_2v_2 + · · · +\lambda_rv_r = 0\;$ is given by$\; \lambda_1 = \lambda_2 = · · · = \lambda_r = 0\;$.
Definition 3: If $v_1, v_2, . . . , v_n$ are linearly independent and span $V$ we say that they form a basis of $V$ . The number $n$ is called the dimension.
My question: Does the Definition 3 of basis tell us that $\lambda_i$ has to be zero? Then $w=0$
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$\begingroup$The idea behind those definitions is simple : every element can be written as a linear combination of the $v_i$'s, which means $w = \lambda_1 v_1 + \dots + \lambda_n v_n$ for some $\lambda_i$'s, if the $v_i$'s span $V$. If the $v_i$'s are linearly independent, then this decomposition is unique, because $$ \lambda_1 v_1 + \dots + \lambda_n v_n = w = \mu_1 v_1 + \dots + \mu_n v_n $$ implies that $(\lambda_1 - \mu_1) v_1 + \dots + (\lambda_n - \mu_n) v_n = w - w = 0$, therefore that $\lambda_i - \mu_i = 0$ hence $\lambda_i = \mu_i$. In other words when you have a basis, being given an element $w \in V$ is the same thing as being given its coefficients ; they define the same vector.
Hope that helps,
$\endgroup$ $\begingroup$An equivalent way of stating Definition $3$: $\rm\: v_i$ form a basis of $\rm V$ iff for every $\rm v\in V$ there exists a unique solution $\rm c_i$ to $\:\rm v = c_1 v_1 +\:\cdots\: c_n v_n,\:$ i.e. vectors have unique coefficients $\rm c_i$ w.r.t. $\rm v_i$.
Note that the existence of a solution for all $\rm v$ is equivalent to saying that the $\rm v_i$ span V.
The uniqueness of the solution is equivalent to saying that the $\rm v_i$ are linearly independent. Indeed, uniqueness implies that the only rep of $0$ is that with all $\rm\:c_i = 0,\:$ hence the $\rm v_i$ are independent. Conversely, nonuniquess implies some $\rm v$ has two different reps, so their difference yields a rep of $0$ without all $\rm\: c_i = 0,\:$ hence the $\rm v_i$ are dependent.
$\endgroup$ $\begingroup$Definition 3 of basis tell us that if $w = \lambda_1v_1 +\ldots+\lambda_n v_n = 0$, then $\lambda_1 = \lambda_2 = \ldots = \lambda_n = 0$. It easy if you think about it in term of 2D orthogonal basis. There is no way you can get a zero vector by adding non-zero multiples of $v_1$ and $v_2$ together.
$\endgroup$ 3 $\begingroup$I tend to think of spanning sets and linearly independent sets as being notions of bigness and smallness, respectively.
- A spanning set is large enough so that we are able to represent every single vector in a vector space (as a linear combination of vectors in the spanning set).
- A linearly independent set is small enough so that whenever a vector is representable (as a linear combination of vectors in the set) then this representation is unique.
A basis is the median between these two "extremes": It is large enough so that every vector can be represented by vectors in the set, but it is also small enough so that these representations are unique.
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