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What does $A^{2}$ mean for square $A$? Is it $AA$ or $AA^{T}$? Sometimes, the result may differ.

Or there is no uniform approach?

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2 Answers

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There's no ambiguity, $A^2=AA$, period.

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When we define $A^2$, we have an operation such as multiplication or addition on real number and for shorthand we let $3\times 3 = 3^2$, $3\times 3 \times 3 = 3^3$ or $3+3=2 \times 3$, $3+3+3 = 3 \times 3$ and so on

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